[libftdi] / src / ftdi.c

/***************************************************************************
                          ftdi.c  -  description
                             -------------------
    begin                : Fri Apr 4 2003
    copyright            : (C) 2003 by Intra2net AG
    email                : opensource@intra2net.com
 ***************************************************************************/

/***************************************************************************
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License           *
 *   version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation;             *
 *                                                                         *
 ***************************************************************************/

/**
    \mainpage libftdi API documentation

    Library to talk to FTDI chips. You find the latest versions of libftdi at
    http://www.intra2net.com/de/produkte/opensource/ftdi/

    The library is easy to use. Have a look at this short example:
    \include simple.c

    More examples can be found in the "examples" directory.
*/
/** \addtogroup libftdi */
/* @{ */

#include <usb.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include "ftdi.h"

#define ftdi_error_return(code, str) do {  \
        ftdi->error_str = str;             \
        return code;                       \
   } while(0);


/**
    Initializes a ftdi_context.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: couldn't allocate read buffer

    \remark This should be called before all functions
*/
int ftdi_init(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    ftdi->usb_dev = NULL;
    ftdi->usb_read_timeout = 5000;
    ftdi->usb_write_timeout = 5000;

    ftdi->type = TYPE_BM;    /* chip type */
    ftdi->baudrate = -1;
    ftdi->bitbang_enabled = 0;

    ftdi->readbuffer = NULL;
    ftdi->readbuffer_offset = 0;
    ftdi->readbuffer_remaining = 0;
    ftdi->writebuffer_chunksize = 4096;

    ftdi->interface = 0;
    ftdi->index = 0;
    ftdi->in_ep = 0x02;
    ftdi->out_ep = 0x81;
    ftdi->bitbang_mode = 1; /* 1: Normal bitbang mode, 2: SPI bitbang mode */

    ftdi->error_str = NULL;

    /* All fine. Now allocate the readbuffer */
    return ftdi_read_data_set_chunksize(ftdi, 4096);
}

/**
    Open selected channels on a chip, otherwise use first channel.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param interface Interface to use for FT2232C chips.

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: unknown interface
*/
int ftdi_set_interface(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, enum ftdi_interface interface)
{
    switch (interface) {
    case INTERFACE_ANY:
    case INTERFACE_A:
        /* ftdi_usb_open_desc cares to set the right index, depending on the found chip */
        break;
    case INTERFACE_B:
        ftdi->interface = 1;
        ftdi->index     = INTERFACE_B;
        ftdi->in_ep     = 0x04;
        ftdi->out_ep    = 0x83;
        break;
    default:
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "Unknown interface");
    }
    return 0;
}

/**
    Deinitializes a ftdi_context.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
*/
void ftdi_deinit(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    if (ftdi->readbuffer != NULL) {
        free(ftdi->readbuffer);
        ftdi->readbuffer = NULL;
    }
}

/**
    Use an already open libusb device.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param usb libusb usb_dev_handle to use
*/
void ftdi_set_usbdev (struct ftdi_context *ftdi, usb_dev_handle *usb)
{
    ftdi->usb_dev = usb;
}


/**
    Finds all ftdi devices on the usb bus. Creates a new ftdi_device_list which
    needs to be deallocated by ftdi_list_free() after use.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param devlist Pointer where to store list of found devices
    \param vendor Vendor ID to search for
    \param product Product ID to search for

    \retval >0: number of devices found
    \retval -1: usb_find_busses() failed
    \retval -2: usb_find_devices() failed
    \retval -3: out of memory
*/
int ftdi_usb_find_all(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, struct ftdi_device_list **devlist, int vendor, int product)
{
    struct ftdi_device_list **curdev;
    struct usb_bus *bus;
    struct usb_device *dev;
    int count = 0;

    usb_init();
    if (usb_find_busses() < 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "usb_find_busses() failed");
    if (usb_find_devices() < 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-2, "usb_find_devices() failed");

    curdev = devlist;
    *curdev = NULL;
    for (bus = usb_busses; bus; bus = bus->next) {
        for (dev = bus->devices; dev; dev = dev->next) {
            if (dev->descriptor.idVendor == vendor
                    && dev->descriptor.idProduct == product)
            {
                *curdev = (struct ftdi_device_list*)malloc(sizeof(struct ftdi_device_list));
                if (!*curdev)
                    ftdi_error_return(-3, "out of memory");

                (*curdev)->next = NULL;
                (*curdev)->dev = dev;

                curdev = &(*curdev)->next;
                count++;
            }
        }
    }

    return count;
}

/**
    Frees a usb device list.

    \param devlist USB device list created by ftdi_usb_find_all()
*/
void ftdi_list_free(struct ftdi_device_list **devlist)
{
    struct ftdi_device_list *curdev, *next;

    for (curdev = *devlist; curdev != NULL;) {
        next = curdev->next;
        free(curdev);
        curdev = next;
    }

    *devlist = NULL;
}

/**
    Return device ID strings from the usb device.

    The parameters manufacturer, description and serial may be NULL
    or pointer to buffers to store the fetched strings.

    \note Use this function only in combination with ftdi_usb_find_all()
          as it closes the internal "usb_dev" after use.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param dev libusb usb_dev to use
    \param manufacturer Store manufacturer string here if not NULL
    \param mnf_len Buffer size of manufacturer string
    \param description Store product description string here if not NULL
    \param desc_len Buffer size of product description string
    \param serial Store serial string here if not NULL
    \param serial_len Buffer size of serial string

    \retval   0: all fine
    \retval  -1: wrong arguments
    \retval  -4: unable to open device
    \retval  -7: get product manufacturer failed
    \retval  -8: get product description failed
    \retval  -9: get serial number failed
    \retval -10: unable to close device
*/
int ftdi_usb_get_strings(struct ftdi_context * ftdi, struct usb_device * dev,
        char * manufacturer, int mnf_len, char * description, int desc_len, char * serial, int serial_len)
{
    if ((ftdi==NULL) || (dev==NULL))
        return -1;

    if (!(ftdi->usb_dev = usb_open(dev)))
        ftdi_error_return(-4, usb_strerror());

    if (manufacturer != NULL) {
        if (usb_get_string_simple(ftdi->usb_dev, dev->descriptor.iManufacturer, manufacturer, mnf_len) <= 0) {
            usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
            ftdi_error_return(-7, usb_strerror());
        }
    }

    if (description != NULL) {
        if (usb_get_string_simple(ftdi->usb_dev, dev->descriptor.iProduct, description, desc_len) <= 0) {
            usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
            ftdi_error_return(-8, usb_strerror());
        }
    }

    if (serial != NULL) {
        if (usb_get_string_simple(ftdi->usb_dev, dev->descriptor.iSerialNumber, serial, serial_len) <= 0) {
            usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
            ftdi_error_return(-9, usb_strerror());
        }
    }

    if (usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-10, usb_strerror());

    return 0;
}

/**
    Opens a ftdi device given by a usb_device.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param dev libusb usb_dev to use

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -4: unable to open device
    \retval -5: unable to claim device
    \retval -6: reset failed
    \retval -7: set baudrate failed
*/
int ftdi_usb_open_dev(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, struct usb_device *dev)
{
    int detach_errno = 0;
    if (!(ftdi->usb_dev = usb_open(dev)))
        ftdi_error_return(-4, "usb_open() failed");

#ifdef LIBUSB_HAS_GET_DRIVER_NP
    // Try to detach ftdi_sio kernel module
    // Returns ENODATA if driver is not loaded
    if (usb_detach_kernel_driver_np(ftdi->usb_dev, ftdi->interface) != 0 && errno != ENODATA)
        detach_errno = errno;
#endif

    if (usb_claim_interface(ftdi->usb_dev, ftdi->interface) != 0) {
        usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
        if (detach_errno == EPERM) {
            ftdi_error_return(-8, "inappropriate permissions on device!");
        } else {
            ftdi_error_return(-5, "unable to claim usb device. Make sure ftdi_sio is unloaded!");
        }
    }

    if (ftdi_usb_reset (ftdi) != 0) {
        usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
        ftdi_error_return(-6, "ftdi_usb_reset failed");
    }

    if (ftdi_set_baudrate (ftdi, 9600) != 0) {
        usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
        ftdi_error_return(-7, "set baudrate failed");
    }

    // Try to guess chip type
    // Bug in the BM type chips: bcdDevice is 0x200 for serial == 0
    if (dev->descriptor.bcdDevice == 0x400 || (dev->descriptor.bcdDevice == 0x200
            && dev->descriptor.iSerialNumber == 0))
        ftdi->type = TYPE_BM;
    else if (dev->descriptor.bcdDevice == 0x200)
        ftdi->type = TYPE_AM;
    else if (dev->descriptor.bcdDevice == 0x500) {
        ftdi->type = TYPE_2232C;
        if (!ftdi->index)
            ftdi->index = INTERFACE_A;
    } else if (dev->descriptor.bcdDevice == 0x600)
        ftdi->type = TYPE_R;

    ftdi_error_return(0, "all fine");
}

/**
    Opens the first device with a given vendor and product ids.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param vendor Vendor ID
    \param product Product ID

    \retval same as ftdi_usb_open_desc()
*/
int ftdi_usb_open(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, int vendor, int product)
{
    return ftdi_usb_open_desc(ftdi, vendor, product, NULL, NULL);
}

/**
    Opens the first device with a given, vendor id, product id,
    description and serial.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param vendor Vendor ID
    \param product Product ID
    \param description Description to search for. Use NULL if not needed.
    \param serial Serial to search for. Use NULL if not needed.

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: usb_find_busses() failed
    \retval -2: usb_find_devices() failed
    \retval -3: usb device not found
    \retval -4: unable to open device
    \retval -5: unable to claim device
    \retval -6: reset failed
    \retval -7: set baudrate failed
    \retval -8: get product description failed
    \retval -9: get serial number failed
    \retval -10: unable to close device
*/
int ftdi_usb_open_desc(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, int vendor, int product,
                       const char* description, const char* serial)
{
    struct usb_bus *bus;
    struct usb_device *dev;
    char string[256];

    usb_init();

    if (usb_find_busses() < 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "usb_find_busses() failed");
    if (usb_find_devices() < 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-2, "usb_find_devices() failed");

    for (bus = usb_busses; bus; bus = bus->next) {
        for (dev = bus->devices; dev; dev = dev->next) {
            if (dev->descriptor.idVendor == vendor
                    && dev->descriptor.idProduct == product) {
                if (!(ftdi->usb_dev = usb_open(dev)))
                    ftdi_error_return(-4, "usb_open() failed");

                if (description != NULL) {
                    if (usb_get_string_simple(ftdi->usb_dev, dev->descriptor.iProduct, string, sizeof(string)) <= 0) {
                        usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
                        ftdi_error_return(-8, "unable to fetch product description");
                    }
                    if (strncmp(string, description, sizeof(string)) != 0) {
                        if (usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev) != 0)
                            ftdi_error_return(-10, "unable to close device");
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                if (serial != NULL) {
                    if (usb_get_string_simple(ftdi->usb_dev, dev->descriptor.iSerialNumber, string, sizeof(string)) <= 0) {
                        usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev);
                        ftdi_error_return(-9, "unable to fetch serial number");
                    }
                    if (strncmp(string, serial, sizeof(string)) != 0) {
                        if (usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev) != 0)
                            ftdi_error_return(-10, "unable to close device");
                        continue;
                    }
                }

                if (usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev) != 0)
                    ftdi_error_return(-10, "unable to close device");

                return ftdi_usb_open_dev(ftdi, dev);
            }
        }
    }

    // device not found
    ftdi_error_return(-3, "device not found");
}

/**
    Resets the ftdi device.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: FTDI reset failed
*/
int ftdi_usb_reset(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0, 0, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1,"FTDI reset failed");

    // Invalidate data in the readbuffer
    ftdi->readbuffer_offset = 0;
    ftdi->readbuffer_remaining = 0;

    return 0;
}

/**
    Clears the buffers on the chip.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: write buffer purge failed
    \retval -2: read buffer purge failed
*/
int ftdi_usb_purge_buffers(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0, 1, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "FTDI purge of RX buffer failed");

    // Invalidate data in the readbuffer
    ftdi->readbuffer_offset = 0;
    ftdi->readbuffer_remaining = 0;

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0, 2, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-2, "FTDI purge of TX buffer failed");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Closes the ftdi device. Call ftdi_deinit() if you're cleaning up.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: usb_release failed
    \retval -2: usb_close failed
*/
int ftdi_usb_close(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    int rtn = 0;

    if (usb_release_interface(ftdi->usb_dev, ftdi->interface) != 0)
        rtn = -1;

    if (usb_close (ftdi->usb_dev) != 0)
        rtn = -2;

    return rtn;
}

/*
    ftdi_convert_baudrate returns nearest supported baud rate to that requested.
    Function is only used internally
    \internal
*/
static int ftdi_convert_baudrate(int baudrate, struct ftdi_context *ftdi,
                                 unsigned short *value, unsigned short *index)
{
    static const char am_adjust_up[8] = {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1};
    static const char am_adjust_dn[8] = {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3};
    static const char frac_code[8] = {0, 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6, 7};
    int divisor, best_divisor, best_baud, best_baud_diff;
    unsigned long encoded_divisor;
    int i;

    if (baudrate <= 0) {
        // Return error
        return -1;
    }

    divisor = 24000000 / baudrate;

    if (ftdi->type == TYPE_AM) {
        // Round down to supported fraction (AM only)
        divisor -= am_adjust_dn[divisor & 7];
    }

    // Try this divisor and the one above it (because division rounds down)
    best_divisor = 0;
    best_baud = 0;
    best_baud_diff = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
        int try_divisor = divisor + i;
        int baud_estimate;
        int baud_diff;

        // Round up to supported divisor value
        if (try_divisor <= 8) {
            // Round up to minimum supported divisor
            try_divisor = 8;
        } else if (ftdi->type != TYPE_AM && try_divisor < 12) {
            // BM doesn't support divisors 9 through 11 inclusive
            try_divisor = 12;
        } else if (divisor < 16) {
            // AM doesn't support divisors 9 through 15 inclusive
            try_divisor = 16;
        } else {
            if (ftdi->type == TYPE_AM) {
                // Round up to supported fraction (AM only)
                try_divisor += am_adjust_up[try_divisor & 7];
                if (try_divisor > 0x1FFF8) {
                    // Round down to maximum supported divisor value (for AM)
                    try_divisor = 0x1FFF8;
                }
            } else {
                if (try_divisor > 0x1FFFF) {
                    // Round down to maximum supported divisor value (for BM)
                    try_divisor = 0x1FFFF;
                }
            }
        }
        // Get estimated baud rate (to nearest integer)
        baud_estimate = (24000000 + (try_divisor / 2)) / try_divisor;
        // Get absolute difference from requested baud rate
        if (baud_estimate < baudrate) {
            baud_diff = baudrate - baud_estimate;
        } else {
            baud_diff = baud_estimate - baudrate;
        }
        if (i == 0 || baud_diff < best_baud_diff) {
            // Closest to requested baud rate so far
            best_divisor = try_divisor;
            best_baud = baud_estimate;
            best_baud_diff = baud_diff;
            if (baud_diff == 0) {
                // Spot on! No point trying
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    // Encode the best divisor value
    encoded_divisor = (best_divisor >> 3) | (frac_code[best_divisor & 7] << 14);
    // Deal with special cases for encoded value
    if (encoded_divisor == 1) {
        encoded_divisor = 0;    // 3000000 baud
    } else if (encoded_divisor == 0x4001) {
        encoded_divisor = 1;    // 2000000 baud (BM only)
    }
    // Split into "value" and "index" values
    *value = (unsigned short)(encoded_divisor & 0xFFFF);
    if(ftdi->type == TYPE_2232C) {
        *index = (unsigned short)(encoded_divisor >> 8);
        *index &= 0xFF00;
        *index |= ftdi->index;
    }
    else
        *index = (unsigned short)(encoded_divisor >> 16);

    // Return the nearest baud rate
    return best_baud;
}

/**
    Sets the chip baud rate

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param baudrate baud rate to set

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: invalid baudrate
    \retval -2: setting baudrate failed
*/
int ftdi_set_baudrate(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, int baudrate)
{
    unsigned short value, index;
    int actual_baudrate;

    if (ftdi->bitbang_enabled) {
        baudrate = baudrate*4;
    }

    actual_baudrate = ftdi_convert_baudrate(baudrate, ftdi, &value, &index);
    if (actual_baudrate <= 0)
        ftdi_error_return (-1, "Silly baudrate <= 0.");

    // Check within tolerance (about 5%)
    if ((actual_baudrate * 2 < baudrate /* Catch overflows */ )
            || ((actual_baudrate < baudrate)
                ? (actual_baudrate * 21 < baudrate * 20)
                : (baudrate * 21 < actual_baudrate * 20)))
        ftdi_error_return (-1, "Unsupported baudrate. Note: bitbang baudrates are automatically multiplied by 4");

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 3, value, index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return (-2, "Setting new baudrate failed");

    ftdi->baudrate = baudrate;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Set (RS232) line characteristics by Alain Abbas

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param bits Number of bits
    \param sbit Number of stop bits
    \param parity Parity mode

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: Setting line property failed
*/
int ftdi_set_line_property(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, enum ftdi_bits_type bits,
                           enum ftdi_stopbits_type sbit, enum ftdi_parity_type parity)
{
    unsigned short value = bits;

    switch(parity) {
    case NONE:
        value |= (0x00 << 8);
        break;
    case ODD:
        value |= (0x01 << 8);
        break;
    case EVEN:
        value |= (0x02 << 8);
        break;
    case MARK:
        value |= (0x03 << 8);
        break;
    case SPACE:
        value |= (0x04 << 8);
        break;
    }

    switch(sbit) {
    case STOP_BIT_1:
        value |= (0x00 << 11);
        break;
    case STOP_BIT_15:
        value |= (0x01 << 11);
        break;
    case STOP_BIT_2:
        value |= (0x02 << 11);
        break;
    }

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x04, value, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return (-1, "Setting new line property failed");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Writes data in chunks (see ftdi_write_data_set_chunksize()) to the chip

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param buf Buffer with the data
    \param size Size of the buffer

    \retval <0: error code from usb_bulk_write()
    \retval >0: number of bytes written
*/
int ftdi_write_data(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *buf, int size)
{
    int ret;
    int offset = 0;
    int total_written = 0;

    while (offset < size) {
        int write_size = ftdi->writebuffer_chunksize;

        if (offset+write_size > size)
            write_size = size-offset;

        ret = usb_bulk_write(ftdi->usb_dev, ftdi->in_ep, buf+offset, write_size, ftdi->usb_write_timeout);
        if (ret < 0)
            ftdi_error_return(ret, "usb bulk write failed");

        total_written += ret;
        offset += write_size;
    }

    return total_written;
}

/* these structs are stolen from libusb linux implementation
   they are needed to directly access usbfs and offer async
   writing */

struct usb_iso_packet_desc {
	unsigned int length;
	unsigned int actual_length;
	unsigned int status;
};

struct usb_urb {
	unsigned char type;
	unsigned char endpoint;
	int status;
	unsigned int flags;
	void *buffer;
	int buffer_length;
	int actual_length;
	int start_frame;
	int number_of_packets;
	int error_count;
	unsigned int signr;  /* signal to be sent on error, -1 if none should be sent */
	void *usercontext;
	struct usb_iso_packet_desc iso_frame_desc[0];
};

/* this is strongly dependent on libusb using the same struct layout. If libusb
   changes in some later version this may break horribly (this is for libusb 0.1.12) */
struct usb_dev_handle {
  int fd;
  // some other stuff coming here we don't need
};

// some defines for direct usb access, taken from libusb
#define MAX_READ_WRITE	(16 * 1024)
#define IOCTL_USB_SUBMITURB	_IOR('U', 10, struct usb_urb)
#define USB_URB_TYPE_BULK	3

/**
    Stupid libusb does not offer async writes nor does it allow
    access to its fd - so we need some hacks here.
*/
static int usb_bulk_write_async(usb_dev_handle *dev, int ep, char *bytes, int size)
{
  struct usb_urb urb;
  int bytesdone = 0, requested;
  struct usb_urb *context;
  int ret, waiting;

  do {
    fd_set writefds;

    requested = size - bytesdone;
    if (requested > MAX_READ_WRITE)
      requested = MAX_READ_WRITE;

    urb.type = USB_URB_TYPE_BULK;
    urb.endpoint = ep;
    urb.flags = 0;
    urb.buffer = bytes + bytesdone;
    urb.buffer_length = requested;
    urb.signr = 0;
    urb.actual_length = 0;
    urb.number_of_packets = 0;	/* don't do isochronous yet */
    urb.usercontext = (void*)1000;     /* use something else than libusb... */

    ret = ioctl(dev->fd, IOCTL_USB_SUBMITURB, &urb);
    if (ret < 0)
      return ret;       /* the caller can read errno to get more info */

    bytesdone += requested;
  } while (bytesdone < size);
  return bytesdone;
}

/**
    Writes data in chunks (see ftdi_write_data_set_chunksize()) to the chip.
    Does not wait for completion of the transfer nor does it make sure that
    the transfer was successful.

    This function could be extended to use signals and callbacks to inform the
    caller of completion or error - but this is not done yet, volunteers welcome.

    Works around libusb and directly accesses functions only available on Linux.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param buf Buffer with the data
    \param size Size of the buffer

    \retval <0: error code from usb_bulk_write()
    \retval >0: number of bytes written
*/
int ftdi_write_data_async(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *buf, int size)
{
    int ret;
    int offset = 0;
    int total_written = 0;

    while (offset < size) {
        int write_size = ftdi->writebuffer_chunksize;

        if (offset+write_size > size)
            write_size = size-offset;

        ret = usb_bulk_write_async(ftdi->usb_dev, ftdi->in_ep, buf+offset, write_size);
        if (ret < 0)
            ftdi_error_return(ret, "usb bulk write async failed");

        total_written += ret;
        offset += write_size;
    }

    return total_written;
}


/**
    Configure write buffer chunk size.
    Default is 4096.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param chunksize Chunk size

    \retval 0: all fine
*/
int ftdi_write_data_set_chunksize(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned int chunksize)
{
    ftdi->writebuffer_chunksize = chunksize;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Get write buffer chunk size.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param chunksize Pointer to store chunk size in

    \retval 0: all fine
*/
int ftdi_write_data_get_chunksize(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned int *chunksize)
{
    *chunksize = ftdi->writebuffer_chunksize;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Reads data in chunks (see ftdi_read_data_set_chunksize()) from the chip.

    Automatically strips the two modem status bytes transfered during every read.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param buf Buffer to store data in
    \param size Size of the buffer

    \retval <0: error code from usb_bulk_read()
    \retval  0: no data was available
    \retval >0: number of bytes read

    \remark This function is not useful in bitbang mode.
            Use ftdi_read_pins() to get the current state of the pins.
*/
int ftdi_read_data(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *buf, int size)
{
    int offset = 0, ret = 1, i, num_of_chunks, chunk_remains;

    // everything we want is still in the readbuffer?
    if (size <= ftdi->readbuffer_remaining) {
        memcpy (buf, ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset, size);

        // Fix offsets
        ftdi->readbuffer_remaining -= size;
        ftdi->readbuffer_offset += size;

        /* printf("Returning bytes from buffer: %d - remaining: %d\n", size, ftdi->readbuffer_remaining); */

        return size;
    }
    // something still in the readbuffer, but not enough to satisfy 'size'?
    if (ftdi->readbuffer_remaining != 0) {
        memcpy (buf, ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset, ftdi->readbuffer_remaining);

        // Fix offset
        offset += ftdi->readbuffer_remaining;
    }
    // do the actual USB read
    while (offset < size && ret > 0) {
        ftdi->readbuffer_remaining = 0;
        ftdi->readbuffer_offset = 0;
        /* returns how much received */
        ret = usb_bulk_read (ftdi->usb_dev, ftdi->out_ep, ftdi->readbuffer, ftdi->readbuffer_chunksize, ftdi->usb_read_timeout);
        if (ret < 0)
            ftdi_error_return(ret, "usb bulk read failed");

        if (ret > 2) {
            // skip FTDI status bytes.
            // Maybe stored in the future to enable modem use
            num_of_chunks = ret / 64;
            chunk_remains = ret % 64;
            //printf("ret = %X, num_of_chunks = %X, chunk_remains = %X, readbuffer_offset = %X\n", ret, num_of_chunks, chunk_remains, ftdi->readbuffer_offset);

            ftdi->readbuffer_offset += 2;
            ret -= 2;

            if (ret > 62) {
                for (i = 1; i < num_of_chunks; i++)
                    memmove (ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset+62*i,
                             ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset+64*i,
                             62);
                if (chunk_remains > 2) {
                    memmove (ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset+62*i,
                             ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset+64*i,
                             chunk_remains-2);
                    ret -= 2*num_of_chunks;
                } else
                    ret -= 2*(num_of_chunks-1)+chunk_remains;
            }
        } else if (ret <= 2) {
            // no more data to read?
            return offset;
        }
        if (ret > 0) {
            // data still fits in buf?
            if (offset+ret <= size) {
                memcpy (buf+offset, ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset, ret);
                //printf("buf[0] = %X, buf[1] = %X\n", buf[0], buf[1]);
                offset += ret;

                /* Did we read exactly the right amount of bytes? */
                if (offset == size)
                    //printf("read_data exact rem %d offset %d\n",
                    //ftdi->readbuffer_remaining, offset);
                    return offset;
            } else {
                // only copy part of the data or size <= readbuffer_chunksize
                int part_size = size-offset;
                memcpy (buf+offset, ftdi->readbuffer+ftdi->readbuffer_offset, part_size);

                ftdi->readbuffer_offset += part_size;
                ftdi->readbuffer_remaining = ret-part_size;
                offset += part_size;

                /* printf("Returning part: %d - size: %d - offset: %d - ret: %d - remaining: %d\n",
                part_size, size, offset, ret, ftdi->readbuffer_remaining); */

                return offset;
            }
        }
    }
    // never reached
    return -127;
}

/**
    Configure read buffer chunk size.
    Default is 4096.

    Automatically reallocates the buffer.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param chunksize Chunk size

    \retval 0: all fine
*/
int ftdi_read_data_set_chunksize(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned int chunksize)
{
    unsigned char *new_buf;

    // Invalidate all remaining data
    ftdi->readbuffer_offset = 0;
    ftdi->readbuffer_remaining = 0;

    if ((new_buf = (unsigned char *)realloc(ftdi->readbuffer, chunksize)) == NULL)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "out of memory for readbuffer");

    ftdi->readbuffer = new_buf;
    ftdi->readbuffer_chunksize = chunksize;

    return 0;
}

/**
    Get read buffer chunk size.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param chunksize Pointer to store chunk size in

    \retval 0: all fine
*/
int ftdi_read_data_get_chunksize(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned int *chunksize)
{
    *chunksize = ftdi->readbuffer_chunksize;
    return 0;
}


/**
    Enable bitbang mode.

    For advanced bitbang modes of the FT2232C chip use ftdi_set_bitmode().

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param bitmask Bitmask to configure lines.
           HIGH/ON value configures a line as output.

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: can't enable bitbang mode
*/
int ftdi_enable_bitbang(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char bitmask)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;

    usb_val = bitmask; // low byte: bitmask
    /* FT2232C: Set bitbang_mode to 2 to enable SPI */
    usb_val |= (ftdi->bitbang_mode << 8);

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x0B, usb_val, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "unable to enter bitbang mode. Perhaps not a BM type chip?");

    ftdi->bitbang_enabled = 1;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Disable bitbang mode.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: can't disable bitbang mode
*/
int ftdi_disable_bitbang(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x0B, 0, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "unable to leave bitbang mode. Perhaps not a BM type chip?");

    ftdi->bitbang_enabled = 0;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Enable advanced bitbang mode for FT2232C chips.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param bitmask Bitmask to configure lines.
           HIGH/ON value configures a line as output.
    \param mode Bitbang mode: 1 for normal mode, 2 for SPI mode

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: can't enable bitbang mode
*/
int ftdi_set_bitmode(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char bitmask, unsigned char mode)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;

    usb_val = bitmask; // low byte: bitmask
    usb_val |= (mode << 8);
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x0B, usb_val, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "unable to configure bitbang mode. Perhaps not a 2232C type chip?");

    ftdi->bitbang_mode = mode;
    ftdi->bitbang_enabled = (mode == BITMODE_BITBANG || mode == BITMODE_SYNCBB)?1:0;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Directly read pin state. Useful for bitbang mode.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param pins Pointer to store pins into

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: read pins failed
*/
int ftdi_read_pins(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *pins)
{
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0xC0, 0x0C, 0, ftdi->index, (char *)pins, 1, ftdi->usb_read_timeout) != 1)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "read pins failed");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Set latency timer

    The FTDI chip keeps data in the internal buffer for a specific
    amount of time if the buffer is not full yet to decrease
    load on the usb bus.

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param latency Value between 1 and 255

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: latency out of range
    \retval -2: unable to set latency timer
*/
int ftdi_set_latency_timer(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char latency)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;

    if (latency < 1)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "latency out of range. Only valid for 1-255");

    usb_val = latency;
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x09, usb_val, ftdi->index, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-2, "unable to set latency timer");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Get latency timer

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param latency Pointer to store latency value in

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: unable to get latency timer
*/
int ftdi_get_latency_timer(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *latency)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0xC0, 0x0A, 0, ftdi->index, (char *)&usb_val, 1, ftdi->usb_read_timeout) != 1)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "reading latency timer failed");

    *latency = (unsigned char)usb_val;
    return 0;
}

/**
    Init eeprom with default values.

    \param eeprom Pointer to ftdi_eeprom
*/
void ftdi_eeprom_initdefaults(struct ftdi_eeprom *eeprom)
{
    eeprom->vendor_id = 0x0403;
    eeprom->product_id = 0x6001;

    eeprom->self_powered = 1;
    eeprom->remote_wakeup = 1;
    eeprom->BM_type_chip = 1;

    eeprom->in_is_isochronous = 0;
    eeprom->out_is_isochronous = 0;
    eeprom->suspend_pull_downs = 0;

    eeprom->use_serial = 0;
    eeprom->change_usb_version = 0;
    eeprom->usb_version = 0x0200;
    eeprom->max_power = 0;

    eeprom->manufacturer = NULL;
    eeprom->product = NULL;
    eeprom->serial = NULL;
}

/**
   Build binary output from ftdi_eeprom structure.
   Output is suitable for ftdi_write_eeprom().

   \param eeprom Pointer to ftdi_eeprom
   \param output Buffer of 128 bytes to store eeprom image to

   \retval >0: used eeprom size
   \retval -1: eeprom size (128 bytes) exceeded by custom strings
*/
int ftdi_eeprom_build(struct ftdi_eeprom *eeprom, unsigned char *output)
{
    unsigned char i, j;
    unsigned short checksum, value;
    unsigned char manufacturer_size = 0, product_size = 0, serial_size = 0;
    int size_check;

    if (eeprom->manufacturer != NULL)
        manufacturer_size = strlen(eeprom->manufacturer);
    if (eeprom->product != NULL)
        product_size = strlen(eeprom->product);
    if (eeprom->serial != NULL)
        serial_size = strlen(eeprom->serial);

    size_check = 128; // eeprom is 128 bytes
    size_check -= 28; // 28 are always in use (fixed)
    size_check -= manufacturer_size*2;
    size_check -= product_size*2;
    size_check -= serial_size*2;

    // eeprom size exceeded?
    if (size_check < 0)
        return (-1);

    // empty eeprom
    memset (output, 0, 128);

    // Addr 00: Stay 00 00
    // Addr 02: Vendor ID
    output[0x02] = eeprom->vendor_id;
    output[0x03] = eeprom->vendor_id >> 8;

    // Addr 04: Product ID
    output[0x04] = eeprom->product_id;
    output[0x05] = eeprom->product_id >> 8;

    // Addr 06: Device release number (0400h for BM features)
    output[0x06] = 0x00;

    if (eeprom->BM_type_chip == 1)
        output[0x07] = 0x04;
    else
        output[0x07] = 0x02;

    // Addr 08: Config descriptor
    // Bit 1: remote wakeup if 1
    // Bit 0: self powered if 1
    //
    j = 0;
    if (eeprom->self_powered == 1)
        j = j | 1;
    if (eeprom->remote_wakeup == 1)
        j = j | 2;
    output[0x08] = j;

    // Addr 09: Max power consumption: max power = value * 2 mA
    output[0x09] = eeprom->max_power;
    ;

    // Addr 0A: Chip configuration
    // Bit 7: 0 - reserved
    // Bit 6: 0 - reserved
    // Bit 5: 0 - reserved
    // Bit 4: 1 - Change USB version
    // Bit 3: 1 - Use the serial number string
    // Bit 2: 1 - Enable suspend pull downs for lower power
    // Bit 1: 1 - Out EndPoint is Isochronous
    // Bit 0: 1 - In EndPoint is Isochronous
    //
    j = 0;
    if (eeprom->in_is_isochronous == 1)
        j = j | 1;
    if (eeprom->out_is_isochronous == 1)
        j = j | 2;
    if (eeprom->suspend_pull_downs == 1)
        j = j | 4;
    if (eeprom->use_serial == 1)
        j = j | 8;
    if (eeprom->change_usb_version == 1)
        j = j | 16;
    output[0x0A] = j;

    // Addr 0B: reserved
    output[0x0B] = 0x00;

    // Addr 0C: USB version low byte when 0x0A bit 4 is set
    // Addr 0D: USB version high byte when 0x0A bit 4 is set
    if (eeprom->change_usb_version == 1) {
        output[0x0C] = eeprom->usb_version;
        output[0x0D] = eeprom->usb_version >> 8;
    }


    // Addr 0E: Offset of the manufacturer string + 0x80
    output[0x0E] = 0x14 + 0x80;

    // Addr 0F: Length of manufacturer string
    output[0x0F] = manufacturer_size*2 + 2;

    // Addr 10: Offset of the product string + 0x80, calculated later
    // Addr 11: Length of product string
    output[0x11] = product_size*2 + 2;

    // Addr 12: Offset of the serial string + 0x80, calculated later
    // Addr 13: Length of serial string
    output[0x13] = serial_size*2 + 2;

    // Dynamic content
    output[0x14] = manufacturer_size*2 + 2;
    output[0x15] = 0x03; // type: string

    i = 0x16, j = 0;

    // Output manufacturer
    for (j = 0; j < manufacturer_size; j++) {
        output[i] = eeprom->manufacturer[j], i++;
        output[i] = 0x00, i++;
    }

    // Output product name
    output[0x10] = i + 0x80;  // calculate offset
    output[i] = product_size*2 + 2, i++;
    output[i] = 0x03, i++;
    for (j = 0; j < product_size; j++) {
        output[i] = eeprom->product[j], i++;
        output[i] = 0x00, i++;
    }

    // Output serial
    output[0x12] = i + 0x80; // calculate offset
    output[i] = serial_size*2 + 2, i++;
    output[i] = 0x03, i++;
    for (j = 0; j < serial_size; j++) {
        output[i] = eeprom->serial[j], i++;
        output[i] = 0x00, i++;
    }

    // calculate checksum
    checksum = 0xAAAA;

    for (i = 0; i < 63; i++) {
        value = output[i*2];
        value += output[(i*2)+1] << 8;

        checksum = value^checksum;
        checksum = (checksum << 1) | (checksum >> 15);
    }

    output[0x7E] = checksum;
    output[0x7F] = checksum >> 8;

    return size_check;
}

/**
    Read eeprom

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param eeprom Pointer to store eeprom into

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: read failed
*/
int ftdi_read_eeprom(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *eeprom)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
        if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0xC0, 0x90, 0, i, eeprom+(i*2), 2, ftdi->usb_read_timeout) != 2)
            ftdi_error_return(-1, "reading eeprom failed");
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
    ftdi_read_chipid_shift does the bitshift operation needed for the FTDIChip-ID
    Function is only used internally
    \internal
*/
static unsigned char ftdi_read_chipid_shift(unsigned char value)
{
    return ((value & 1) << 1) |
            ((value & 2) << 5) |
            ((value & 4) >> 2) |
            ((value & 8) << 4) |
            ((value & 16) >> 1) |
            ((value & 32) >> 1) |
            ((value & 64) >> 4) |
            ((value & 128) >> 2);
}

/**
    Read the FTDIChip-ID from R-type devices

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param chipid Pointer to store FTDIChip-ID

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: read failed
*/
int ftdi_read_chipid(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned int *chipid)
{
    unsigned int a = 0, b = 0;

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0xC0, 0x90, 0, 0x43, (char *)&a, 2, ftdi->usb_read_timeout) == 2)
    {
        a = a << 8 | a >> 8;
        if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0xC0, 0x90, 0, 0x44, (char *)&b, 2, ftdi->usb_read_timeout) == 2)
        {
            b = b << 8 | b >> 8;
            a = (a << 16) | b;
            a = ftdi_read_chipid_shift(a) | ftdi_read_chipid_shift(a>>8)<<8
                | ftdi_read_chipid_shift(a>>16)<<16 | ftdi_read_chipid_shift(a>>24)<<24;
            *chipid = a ^ 0xa5f0f7d1;
            return 0;
        }
    }

    ftdi_error_return(-1, "read of FTDIChip-ID failed");
}

/**
    Write eeprom

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param eeprom Pointer to read eeprom from

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: read failed
*/
int ftdi_write_eeprom(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, unsigned char *eeprom)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
        usb_val = eeprom[i*2];
        usb_val += eeprom[(i*2)+1] << 8;
        if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x91, usb_val, i, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
            ftdi_error_return(-1, "unable to write eeprom");
    }

    return 0;
}

/**
    Erase eeprom

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: erase failed
*/
int ftdi_erase_eeprom(struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, 0x40, 0x92, 0, 0, NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "unable to erase eeprom");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Get string representation for last error code

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context

    \retval Pointer to error string
*/
char *ftdi_get_error_string (struct ftdi_context *ftdi)
{
    return ftdi->error_str;
}

/*
    Flow control code by Lorenz Moesenlechner (lorenz@hcilab.org)
    and Matthias Kranz  (matthias@hcilab.org)
*/
/**
    Set flowcontrol for ftdi chip

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param flowctrl flow control to use. should be 
           SIO_DISABLE_FLOW_CTRL, SIO_RTS_CTS_HS, SIO_DTR_DSR_HS or SIO_XON_XOFF_HS   

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: set flow control failed
*/
int ftdi_setflowctrl(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, int flowctrl)
{
    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
                        SIO_SET_FLOW_CTRL_REQUEST, 0, (flowctrl | ftdi->interface),
                        NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "set flow control failed");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Set dtr line

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param state state to set line to (1 or 0)

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1: set dtr failed
*/
int ftdi_setdtr(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, int state)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;

    if (state)
        usb_val = SIO_SET_DTR_HIGH;
    else
        usb_val = SIO_SET_DTR_LOW;

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, SIO_SET_MODEM_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
                        SIO_SET_MODEM_CTRL_REQUEST, usb_val, ftdi->interface,
                        NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "set dtr failed");

    return 0;
}

/**
    Set rts line

    \param ftdi pointer to ftdi_context
    \param state state to set line to (1 or 0)

    \retval  0: all fine
    \retval -1 set rts failed
*/
int ftdi_setrts(struct ftdi_context *ftdi, int state)
{
    unsigned short usb_val;

    if (state)
        usb_val = SIO_SET_RTS_HIGH;
    else
        usb_val = SIO_SET_RTS_LOW;

    if (usb_control_msg(ftdi->usb_dev, SIO_SET_MODEM_CTRL_REQUEST_TYPE,
                        SIO_SET_MODEM_CTRL_REQUEST, usb_val, ftdi->interface,
                        NULL, 0, ftdi->usb_write_timeout) != 0)
        ftdi_error_return(-1, "set of rts failed");

    return 0;
}

/* @} end of doxygen libftdi group */